HIV/AIDS: Difference between HIV 1 And HIV 2 Causes, Symptoms, More

अनुक्रम (Contents)

HIV/AIDS: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and More

In this article I will give you a full description of HIV/AIDS, but before that let me tell you about this red ribbon – The ribbon is an awareness ribbon which is used as the symbol for the solidarity of people living with HIV/AIDS.

HIV/AIDS

HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus.
H = Infect only human beings
I = immunodeficiency virus weakens the immune system and increases the risk of infection.
V = Virus the attacks the body and eventually overcomes the body immune system.
• HIV infection is a condition caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
• This condition gradually destroys the immune system, which makes it hard for the body to fight infections.
• It causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
• HIV belongs to a special class of viruses called retroviruses. Within this class, HIV is placed in this subgroup of Lentivirus.

Difference between HIV 1 And HIV 2

• HIV 1 is more common worldwide.
• HIV 2 is lower transmissibility.
• HIV 2 develops more slowly.
• Mother to child transmission of HIV is relatively rare with HIV-2.

CAUSES

• HIV is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
After HIV is in the body, it starts to destroy CD4 + T cells, which are white blood cells that helps the body to fight against infection and disease.

PATHOGENESIS

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• Attachment of virus at the CD4 receptor and chemokine co receptors.
• Viral fusion and uncoating.
• Reverse transcriptase.
• Migration to nucleus.
• Integration of the viral DNA into cellular DNA by enzyme integrase.
• Transcription and RNA processing
• Protein synthesis
• Protease cleaves polypeptides into functional HIV proteins and the virus assembles
• Virus budding
• Virus maturation.

HIV TRANSMISSION

• HIV virus is passed from one person to another through blood- to- blood transmission.
• Sharing needles with infected person.
• Having unprotected sex with infected person.
• A pregnant woman can transmit the virus to her baby through their shared blood circulation,or through breast feeding.
• HIV enter the blood steam through – open cuts, breaks in the skins, direct injection.

HIV CANNOT BE TRANSMITTED TROUGH:

• Sharing toilet.
• Sharing Utensils
• Mosquito

STAGES OF HIV:

The stages of HIV are based on clinical history, physical examination, laboratory evidence of immune dysfunction, sign and symptoms and infection.
✓ Stage 1: Primary infection
✓ Stage 2: Asymptomatic
✓ Stage 3: Symptomatic
✓ Stage 4: AIDS/progression of HIV to AIDS.

STAGE 1: PRIMARY INFECTION

• The first stage is called acute infection.
• IT is often accompanied by a short flulike illness.
• It typically happens with in 2 to 6 weeks after exposure or becoming infected.
• During this stage is there is a large amount of HIV in the peripheral blood and
the immune system begins to respond to the virus by producing HIV antibodies. This process is known as (Seroconversion.)

STAGE 2: ASYMPTOMATIC

• This stage lasts for an average of ten years,
• During this period without symptoms, HIV is slowly killing the CD4 T-cells
• For an HIV infected person, the number of CD4 T-cells steadily drops.

STAGE 3: SYMPTOMATIC

In this stage HIV infected person suffer: –
➢ Sever weight loss.
➢ Chronic diarrhea for longer than one month
➢ Fever lasting more than 10 days.
➢ Pulmonary tuberculosis.
➢ Sever bacterial infections. (e.g. bone or joint infection, meningitis, pneumonia).
➢ Being tired all of the time.
➢ Swollen lymph nodes in the neck.
➢ Night sweats.
➢ Purplish spots on the skin that don’t go away.
➢ Shortness of breath.

STAGE 4: PROGRATION FROM HIV TO AIDS

➢ T cells count drops to – 200.
➢ Individual develops increasingly sever opportunistic infections worsen.

DIAGNOSIS

➢ Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test is usually the first one used
to detect infection with HIV, if antibodies to HIV are present (positive), the test is usually repeated to confirm the diagnosis.
➢ Western blots test is more difficult than the ELISA to perform.
➢ Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test finds either the RNA of the HIV virus or the HIV DNA in white blood cells infected with the virus.
➢ If you receive a diagnosis of HIV several type of tests can help your doctor to determine what stage of the disease you have. These tests include:
➢ CD4 count – Cd4 cells are a type of white blood cell that’s specifically targeted and destroyed by HIV.
➢ CD 4 count vary from 500 to more than 1,000 = HEALTHY PERSON.
➢ CD4 count becomes less than 200 = HIV infection progresses to AIDs.
➢ Viral Load: – This test measures the amount of virus in your blood.

TREATMENT

• Anti-retroviral medicines work by stooping the HIV virus from making copies of itself.
• To strengthen the immune system.
• The amount of virus in your body (viral load) is decreased.
• Allows your body to make more CD4 T cells.
• Commonly three different types of medicines are taken together this is called combination therapy and help to prevent the virus from becoming resistant to the medicines. These medicines are usually taken for life time.

ANTIRETROVIRAL AGENT

➢NRTIS
▪ Zidovudine(AZT)
▪ Lamivudine
▪ Abacavir (Ziagen)
▪ D4t (Zerit, stavudine)
➢ NNRTIs
• Nevirapine
• Tenofovir
• Delaviridine
➢ Protease inhibitor
• Ritonavir (Norvir)
• Indinav

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